Amazon Basic Care Nicotine Polacrilex Coated Gum, 4 mg (Nicotine), Cool Mint Flavor, Stop Smoking Aid, 20 Count

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NFPA Hazard Rating Information for Common Chemicals". Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.

Several in vitro studies have investigated the potential effects of nicotine on a range of oral cells. A recent systematic review concluded that nicotine was unlikely to be cytotoxic to oral cells in vitro in most physiological conditions but further research is needed. [203] Understanding the potential role of nicotine in oral health has become increasingly important given the recent introduction of novel nicotine products and their potential role in helping smokers quit. [204] See also [ edit ] NRT may include nicotine patches, sprays, lozenges, or gum. FDA-approved NRTs are the least harmful types of nicotine products. Medications Perkins KA, Karelitz JL (August 2013). "Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking". Psychopharmacology. 228 (3): 479–86. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3054-4. PMC 3707934. PMID 23494236.a b Garcia AN, Salloum IM (October 2015). "Polysomnographic sleep disturbances in nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and cannabis use: A focused review". The American Journal on Addictions. 24 (7): 590–8. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12291. PMID 26346395. S2CID 22703103.

The biosynthetic pathway of nicotine involves a coupling reaction between the two cyclic structures that comprise nicotine. Metabolic studies show that the pyridine ring of nicotine is derived from niacin (nicotinic acid) while the pyrrolidine is derived from N-methyl-Δ 1-pyrrollidium cation. [165] [166] Biosynthesis of the two component structures proceeds via two independent syntheses, the NAD pathway for niacin and the tropane pathway for N-methyl-Δ 1-pyrrollidium cation. Dinakar C, O'Connor GT (October 2016). "The Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes". The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (14): 1372–1381. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1502466. PMID 27705269. Beyond its addictive properties, short-term or long-term exposure to nicotine in adults has not been established as dangerous Olausson P, Jentsch JD, Taylor JR (January 2004). "Nicotine enhances responding with conditioned reinforcement". Psychopharmacology. 171 (2): 173–178. doi: 10.1007/s00213-003-1575-y. PMID 13680077. S2CID 11855403.Boutrel B, Koob GF (September 2004). "What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications". Sleep. 27 (6): 1181–94. doi: 10.1093/sleep/27.6.1181. PMID 15532213. Jain R, Mukherjee K, Balhara YP (April 2008). "The role of NMDA receptor antagonists in nicotine tolerance, sensitization, and physical dependence: a preclinical review". Yonsei Medical Journal. 49 (2): 175–88. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.2.175. PMC 2615322. PMID 18452252.

Certain nicotine products may also have specific side effects. According to the American Cancer Society, side effects of nicotine patches include:Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 19 December 2012.